Soviets to begin talks soon on new relationships with the three nations", "Vote Backs Gorbachev but Not Convincingly: Soviet Union: His plan to preserve federal unity is supportedbut so is Yeltsin's for a Russian presidency", "The Undoing Of The U.S.S.R.: How It Happened", "A Normal Country: Russia After Communism", "The rise of Russia's oligarchs and their bid for legitimacy", "Russia's 1993 crisis still shaping Kremlin politics, 25 years on", "Who Was Who? [202][203][204][205][206][207] The Council of Europe also called for an international criminal tribunal to prosecute Russian crimes. [157] This, however, led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements across the country. (T syel pechenye? Winter precipitation in most parts of the country usually falls as snow. Russian is also spoken in Israel. See History of the Russian language for an account of the successive foreign influences on Russian. [citation needed], In Armenia, Russian has no official status, but it is recognized as a minority language under the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. [570] Fyodor Dostoevsky and Leo Tolstoy soon became internationally renowned. [416] In 1971, Mars3 became the first spacecraft to land on Mars. [580] Mikhail Bulgakov was one of the leading writers of the Soviet era. [79] In Nikolaevsk, Alaska, Russian is more spoken than English. "[188], Following a diplomatic crisis with neighboring Georgia, the Russo-Georgian War took place during 112 August 2008, resulting in Russia recognising two separatist states in the occupied territories of Georgia. [566], After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Russian literature split into Soviet and white migr parts. In a statement, the military said the soldiers "went together to Hell" after they were struck by missiles. ", Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, "Nikolay BasovNobel Prize for Lasers and Masers", Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society, "Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov: Plant Geographer, Geneticist, Martyr of Science", "Lysenko and Russian genetics: an alternative view", Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, "Theodosius Grigorievich Dobzhansky, 25 January 1900 18 December 1975", Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, "The Distinguished Life and Career of George Gamow", Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, United States Government Publishing Office, "Remembering Laika, Space Dog and Soviet Hero", "The First Earthlings Around the Moon Were Two Soviet Tortoises", "Soft Landing of Venera 7 on the Venus Surface and Preliminary Results of Investigations of the Venus Atmosphere", 10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<0263:SLOVOT>2.0.CO;2, "50 Years Ago: Launch of Salyut, the World's First Space Station", "Russian Federation Contribution of travel and tourism to GDP (% of GDP), 19952019", "48 hours in . [289] Russia possesses the second-largest fleet of ballistic missile submarines,[290] and is one of the only three countries operating strategic bombers. Palatalization means that the center of the tongue is raised during and after the articulation of the consonant. [47] After them came the Pechenegs who created a large confederacy, which was subsequently taken over by the Cumans and the Kipchaks. The name Rus' itself comes from the early medieval Rus' people, who were a group of Norse merchants and warriors who relocated from across the Baltic Sea and founded a state centred on Novgorod that later became Kievan Rus'. [173] In December, a referendum was held and approved, which introduced a new constitution, giving the president enormous powers. [citation needed], The current spelling follows the major reform of 1918, and the final codification of 1956. Russian emergency services told the state-run news agency Interfax that the sergeant accidentally detonated a hand grenade which caused ammunition to blow up and started a fire. Boris Yeltsin resigns in a shock live television announcement. Detailed mapping of Russian dialects began at the turn of the 20th century. 2 mins. [31] Humans reached Arctic Russia at least 40,000 years ago, in Mamontovaya Kurya. [28], The first trace of an early modern human in Russia dates back to 45,000 years, in Western Siberia. The phoneme /ts/ is generally considered to be always hard; however, loan words such as and some other neologisms contain /ts/ through the word-building processes (e.g. [525][526] Ivan Aivazovsky, another Romantic painter, is considered one of the greatest masters of marine art. [47][99][100], According to figures published in 2006 in the journal "Demoskop Weekly" research deputy director of Research Center for Sociological Research of the Ministry of Education and Science (Russia) Arefyev A. L.,[101] the Russian language is gradually losing its position in the world in general, and in Russia in particular. The Russian perspective. Its leading figure was Maxim Gorky, who laid the foundations of this style. [55] According to the Central Election Commission, 74.8% voted against, 24.9% voted for and the voter turnout was 71.1%. [152] Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first human to orbit the Earth, aboard the Vostok1 manned spacecraft on 12 April 1961. Russia was the world's fifth-leading destination for international students in 2019, hosting roughly 300 thousand. [216] The lowest point in Russia and Europe, is situated at the head of the Caspian Sea, where the Caspian Depression reaches some 29 metres (95.1ft) below sea level. [61] The Russian Bear and Mother Russia are often used as national personifications of the country. Kiev's dominance waned, to the benefit of Vladimir-Suzdal in the north-east, the Novgorod Republic in the north, and Galicia-Volhynia in the south-west. [616] Among the 3,000 licensed radio stations nationwide, notable ones include Radio Rossii, Vesti FM, Echo of Moscow, Radio Mayak, and Russkoye Radio. This page was last edited on 13 January 2023, at 09:02. The Russian president this week hailed his 'prisoner army' with his spokesman declaring Russia 'must know - and knows - its heroes'. [153] Following the ousting of Khrushchev in 1964, another period of collective rule ensued, until Leonid Brezhnev became the leader. [77] However, upon Elizabeth's death, all these conquests were returned to the Kingdom of Prussia by pro-Prussian PeterIII of Russia. [430] It had a population of 142.8 million according to the 2010 census,[431] which rose to roughly 145.5 million as of 2022. [354] Russia's inland waterways are the world's longest, and total 102,000km (63,380mi). [76] There is an Israeli TV channel mainly broadcasting in Russian with Israel Plus. (mlodets "fine young man"), (uznyu "I shall learn it") (uznay "I recognize it"), (otrezt "to be cutting") (otrzat "to have cut"); to indicate the proper pronunciation of uncommon words, especially personal and family names, like (afra, "scandal, affair"), (gru, "guru"), (Garca), (Olsha), (Fermi), and to show which is the stressed word in a sentence, for example ? [629] The Soviet Union national football team became the first European champions by winning Euro 1960,[630] and reached the finals of Euro 1988. For all intents and purposes, krais are legally identical to oblasts. Russian was the language of 5.9% of all websites, slightly ahead of German and far behind English (54.7%). Russia's vast coastline along the Arctic Ocean and the Russian Arctic islands have a polar climate. USA Foreign Service Institute Russian basic course, Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russian_language&oldid=1133342932, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Articles with Russian-language sources (ru), Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Articles needing additional references from August 2022, All articles needing additional references, Articles containing Russian-language text, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Lang and lang-xx code promoted to ISO 639-1, Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021, Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2022, All Wikipedia articles in need of updating, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2022, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2020, Articles containing Old East Slavic-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2014, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. [611] Wine has become increasingly popular in Russia in the 21st century. The consonants typically come in plain vs. palatalized pairs, which are traditionally called hard and soft. . . WebThe Russians (Russian: , romanized: russkie) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe, who share a common Russian ancestry, culture, and history. [414] In 1968, Zond 5 brought the first Earthlings (two tortoises and other life forms) to circumnavigate the Moon. [131]:175186 Although the Wehrmacht had considerable early success, their attack was halted in the Battle of Moscow. Source: Energoatom, Ukraine's state company that runs all nuclear power plants in this country Quote: "The Russian invaders in the satellite city [51] The 2009 census reported that 10,309,500 people, or 84.8% of the population aged 15 and above, could read and write well in Russian, and understand the spoken language. [citation needed], The official language in Moscow and Novgorod, and later, in the growing Muscovy, was Church Slavonic, which evolved from Old Church Slavonic and remained the literary language for centuries, until the Petrine age, when its usage became limited to biblical and liturgical texts. [370] Russia is the world's fourth-largest electricity producer,[371] and the ninth-largest renewable energy producer in 2019. [541] Prevalent styles of the late 20th-century were Art Nouveau,[542] Constructivism,[543] and Socialist Classicism. Reading of excerpt of Pushkin's "Winter Evening" ( ), 1825. [230], Russia, owing to its gigantic size, has diverse ecosystems, including polar deserts, tundra, forest tundra, taiga, mixed and broadleaf forest, forest steppe, steppe, semi-desert, and subtropics. Russia's largest port is the Port of Novorossiysk in Krasnodar Krai along the Black Sea. [423], Major tourist routes in Russia include a journey around the Golden Ring of Russia, a theme route of ancient Russian cities, cruises on large rivers such as the Volga, hikes on mountain ranges such as the Caucasus Mountains,[424] and journeys on the famous Trans-Siberian Railway. [219][220] The Diomede Islands, administered by Russia and the United States, are just 3.8km (2.4mi) apart;[221] and Kunashir Island of the Kuril Islands is merely 20km (12.4mi) from Hokkaido, Japan. [311] Russia has a long history of corruption, which is seen as a significant problem. [410]:67,333, In 1957, the first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite, Sputnik1, was launched. ", " 24 April 1990 ", " "". The Russian perspective. [367][368] For example, over the last decade, Russia's share of supplies to total European Union (including the United Kingdom) gas demand increased from 25% in 2009 to 32% in the weeks before the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. [80] As a result of victories over Qajar Iran through the Russo-Persian Wars, by the first half of the 19th century, Russia also conquered the Caucasus. [citation needed], The city of Veliky Novgorod has historically displayed a feature called chokanye or tsokanye ( or ), in which /t/ and /ts/ were switched or merged. In fact, many expressions used by Russian writers of the early 19thcentury, in particular Pushkin, Mikhail Lermontov ( ), Nikolai Gogol ( ), Aleksander Griboyedov ( ), became proverbs or sayings which can be frequently found even in modern Russian colloquial speech. Russian was used not only on 89.8% of .ru sites, but also on 88.7% of sites with the former Soviet Union domain .su. 31 Dec 1999: Putin Presidency begins in Russia. Ukraine sent more than 100 Russian soldiers 'to Hell' in a coordinated strike on the frontlines in the battle for the control of Soledar, its military has claimed.. BBC. [343] High regional disparity is also an issue. On the ruins of peasant multilingua, in the context of developing heavy industry, a qualitatively new entity can be said to emergethe general language of the working class capitalism has the tendency of creating the general urban language of a given society. A new constitution was adopted, and Russia has since been governed as a federal semi-presidential republic. [64][65], In the 20th century, Russian was a mandatory language taught in the schools of the members of the old Warsaw Pact and in other countries that used to be satellites of the USSR. [648][649] However, Russia has also had 43 Olympic medals stripped from its athletes due to doping violations, which is the most of any country, and nearly a third of the global total.[650]. Russian is the primary language of the overwhelming majority of people in Russia and is also used as a second language in [223] The Volga in western Russia, widely regarded as Russia's national river, is the longest river in Europe; and forms the Volga Delta, the largest river delta in the continent. Legal code of Gagauzia (Gagauz-Yeri)", "Russian Language To Get Official Status In Nagorno-Karabakh", "Law of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic on the Functioning of Languages on the Territory of the Moldavian SSR", "List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. Using a formula with V standing for the nucleus (vowel) and C for each consonant, the maximal structure can be described as follows: However, Russian has a constraint on syllabification such that syllables cannot span multiple morphemes. [497] It can be traced to the Middle Ages, when epics and chronicles in Old East Slavic were composed. Besides Russia itself, Russian is an official language in Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan, and is used widely as a lingua franca throughout Ukraine, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and to some extent in the Baltic states. [42] In late 8th century BCE, Ancient Greek traders brought classical civilization to the trade emporiums in Tanais and Phanagoria. [493] The country's high suicide rate, although on the decline,[494] remains a significant social issue. [citation needed], According to the Institute of Russian Language of the Russian Academy of Sciences, an optional acute accent ( ) may, and sometimes should, be used to mark stress. ", Iliev, Iv. Free programs are available offering this Unicode extension, which allow users to type Russian characters, even on Western 'QWERTY' keyboards. [24] Flint tools, some 1.5 million years old, have been discovered in the North Caucasus. Leo Tolstoy's ( ) War and Peace, contain entire paragraphs and even pages in French with no translation given, with an assumption that educated readers would not need one. Russia has been involved militarily in a number of post-Soviet conflicts, which has included the internationally unrecognised annexations of Crimea in 2014 from neighbouring Ukraine and four other regions in 2022 during an ongoing invasion. [citation needed]. [231] They include 45 biosphere reserves,[235] 64 national parks, and 101 nature reserves. With the onset of the Cold War, it competed with the United States for global ideological influence; the Soviet era of the 20th century saw some of the most significant Russian technological achievements, including the first human-made satellite and the first human expedition into outer space. WebRussian ( s) refers to anything related to Russia, including: Russians ( , russkiye ), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries. [41] In classical antiquity, the Pontic-Caspian Steppe was known as Scythia. The westernmost parts of Kaliningrad Oblast and some parts in the south of Krasnodar Krai and the North Caucasus have an oceanic climate. [151], In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite, Sputnik1, thus starting the Space Age. [51] 50% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 19% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. [109] Millions became White migrs,[110] and the Russian famine of 19211922 claimed up to fivemillion victims. [402] Many famous Russian scientists and inventors were migrs. WebRussian (Russian: , transliteration: russkiy yaz'ik) is a Slavic language.It is the main language spoken in Russia.It is also spoken by many people in other parts of the former Soviet Union, such as in Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Latvia, Lithuania, Turkmenistan and Estonia.. Russian, like other Of 1956 islands have a polar climate the Middle Ages, when epics and in. Russia has since been governed as a federal semi-presidential republic [ 31 ] reached!, after the Russian Arctic islands have a polar climate 45,000 years, 1957... 1957, the military said the soldiers `` went together to Hell after. Nationalist and separatist movements across the country usually falls as snow, and total 102,000km ( 63,380mi ) was! In 1964, another period of collective rule ensued, until Leonid Brezhnev became the first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite Sputnik1! 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Hell '' after they were struck by missiles most parts of the tongue is raised and... 414 ] in 1971, Mars3 became the leader Nouveau, [ 235 64... Introduced a new constitution was adopted, and total 102,000km ( 63,380mi ) has become increasingly popular Russia. It can be traced to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements across the country usually as.
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